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"INTRODUCTION

The creation of a reusable space system in the USSR is aimed at providing, at a qualitatively new level, the solution of a wide range of problems in near-Earth space in the interests of national defense, the national economy and science and to create the necessary prerequisites for the introduction of progressive design principles into rocket and space technology and operation of spacecraft in order to increase the efficiency and profitability of their use.

NPO "Energia" in 1975 developed technical proposals for a comprehensive rocket and space program, the main component which is the reusable space system (ISS).

Due to the lack of tactical and technical requirements for the ISS formulated by the Ministry of Defense, the appearance of this system was formed on the basis of the results of extensive research conducted in a number of research organizations of the industry and the Ministry of Defense.

One of the main requirements when developing technical proposals for a reusable space system was the creation of a system that, in its main characteristics, would not be inferior to the American
reusable Shuttle system, which should ensure equalization of the potentials of the USSR and the USA in the field of military and peaceful exploration of near-Earth space and eliminate situations in
which the appearance of the Shuttle system could be associated with the effect of technical surprise in the military aspect of the use of outer space.

The developed reusable space system provided for the use of the OS-120 orbital vehicle, which was in many ways similar to the American orbital vehicle created under the Space Shuttle program."

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